Class Notes – 1st / 3rd
quarter
There
are two ways to express YOU (singular)
Tú – familiar form used to talk to family, friends your own age and a
person you call by his/her first name.
Usted (Ud.) - formal form used everyone else: Person you do not know, someone older, a
person you want to show respect.
This
form shows a more formal relationship.
It is used with anyone referred to by a title. (Sr. Sra. Srta. Dr. Dra. Prof.)
GUSTAR = to like (to please)
1.
The verb gustar requires indirect object pronouns.
2.
Most common forms
used are GUSTA / GUSTAN
3.
Use GUSTA when what
you like is singular.
4.
Use GUSTAN when
what you like is plural.
Ex: I like
to cook = Me gusta cocinar.
You like to talk = Te gusta hablar.
I like the
classes. = Me gustan
las clases.
You like sports. = Te gustan los
deportes
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INFINITIVES
= VERBS (activities)
1.
The basic form of a verb is called an infinitive.
2. Infinitives in English
always are expressed by to + verb
Ex: to
talk, to go, to watch
3. In Spanish infinitives
always end in r
Ex: hablar =to talk, ver =to watch, ir =to go
4. In English the –ing form of the verb is often
used to name activities. In Spanish the infinitive is used.
Ex: Cocinar es
mi actividad favorita
Cooking is my favorite
activity.
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ARTICLES
1.
All articles in
Spanish agree with the noun in number and gender.
2.
The definite
article is used a to refer to a particular person, place or thing:
THE = Singular Plural
Masculine el los
Feminine la las
3.
The indefinite article is used to refer to
non- specific person, place or thing:
A (an) ,
Some = Singular Plural
Masculine un unos
Feminine una unas
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NOUNS
A noun refers to a person,
place or thing
1.
All nouns in Spanish have a gender.
(Masculine or feminine form)
2.
Most nouns that end in O are masculine
Ex. Libro=
book. amigo = male friend
3.
Most nouns that
end in A are feminine
Ex.
4.
When a noun ends
in a letter other than O or A, learn the gender when
you learn the word.
Ex: el
lápiz = masculine
la lección = feminine
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ADJECTIVES
1. Adjectives agree with the noun they describe in number and gender.
2. Adjectives are usually listed only in the
singular masculine form.
3. Most adjectives have 4 forms, some have 2
forms.
There
are 3 groups of adjectives:
Singular Plural Ex:
tall=
I. -o -os alto altos
-a -as alta altas
II. -e -es big=
grande grandees
III.(consonant) -es Ex: young=
joven jovenes
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Números = numbers
0 = cero 5 = cinco 10 = diez
1 = uno 6 = seis 11 = once
2 = dos 7 = siete 12 = doce
3 = tres 8 =ocho 13 = trece
4 =cuatro 9
=nueve 14 = catorce
15
= quince
20
= veinte 30
= treinta
40=
cuarenta 50=
cincuenta
Números
16 -29 are connected by y or i if
written in one word, numbers after 30 are always connected by y
16 = diez y seis ( dieciseis)
17 = diez y siete (diecisiete)…
21 = veinte y uno (veintiuno)
22 = veinte y dos (veintidos)…
31 = treinta y uno
32 = treinta y dos
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30 treinta
40 cuarenta
50 cincuenta
60 sesenta
70 setenta
80 ochenta
90 noventa
100 cien
1.
Compound numbers
are connected by “y”:
Ex:
32 = treinta y dos
2.
When a number edding in uno is followed
by a masculine noun, uno becomes un: Ex: 61 books = sesenta
y un libros
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1.
To make a
sentence negative place no in front of the verb.
Ex: Yo soy callado – Yo no soy callado
2.
Use ni…ni in a negative statement when neither of the choices
is acceptable.
Ex: No
me gusta ni ir al cine ni patinar
No
soy ni ordenada ni desordenada
3.
If tambien (also) is part of the sentence
the negative is tampoco. (neither/
either) Ex: A mi me gusta tambien
A mi no
me gusta tampoco
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Subject
pronouns – singular forms
(Singular
subject pronouns refer to one person, place or thing)
1st. Yo - I The
person speaking
2nd. Tú - you The
person spoken to
Usted - you
3rd. Él - he The
person, place or thing
Ella
- she spoken
about
There
are two ways to express YOU (singular)
Tú – familiar form used to talk to family, friends and children.
Usted (Ud.) formal form
used everyone else. This form shows
respect and a more formal relationship.
It is used with anyone referred to by a title. (Sr. Sra. Srta. Dr. Dra. Prof.)
Subject
pronouns – plural forms
(Refer to people, places and things)
Singular Plural
1st.
Yo - I Nosotros (as)
- we
2nd. Tú -
you (familiar) Vosotros (as) - you
Usted –
you (formal) Ustedes - you
3rd. Él – he Ellos - they
Ella
- she Ellas - they
1. Plural subject pronouns refer to two or
more people, places or things
2. Nosotros(as) must include I (yo)
Ex: Juan y
yo = nosotros María y
yo=nosotras
Los estudiantes y yo = nosotros
Tú y yo = nosotros
3. Ustedes, vosotros(as)
must include you (tú or usted)
Ex: Juan y tú = ustedes
Los chicos
y Ud. = Ustedes
4. Ellos / ellas must include two or more people places
or things that do not include I (yo) or you (tú, usted,
ustedes)
Ex: Juan
y José = Ellos Los chicos=Ellos
Juan y Marta = Ellos Los amigos=Ellos
Marta y Elena=Ellas Las
chicas=Ellas
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Present
tense of Regular -AR verbs
1. The present tense is expressed by:
Stem of the verb + corresponding ending
2.
The verb must
agree with the subject
-AR VERBS
Singular Plural
1. Yo -o Nosotros -amos
Nosotras
-amos
2. Tú -as Vosotros -áis
Vosotras
-áis
Usted -a Ustedes -an
3. Él -a Ellos -an
Ella -a Ellas -an
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The verb – SER – (to be)
SER
(singular) (plural)
1. yo soy =I am 1.
nosotros somos =we are
2. tú eres =you
are 2. vosotros sois =you are
usted es = you
are ustedes son =
you are
3. él es =he
is 3. ellos son =they are
ella es =
she is ellas son =
they are
*** The verb must agree with the subject****
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VERB TENER = (to have)
(singular) (plural)
1. yo tengo = I
have nosotros tenemos = we
have
2. tú tienes = you have vosotros tenéis = you
have
usted tiene = you have ustedes
tienen = you have
3. él tiene = he has ellos tienen = they have
ella tiene = she has ellas tienen = they have
** The verb must agree with the subject**
In Spanish, time is given by always
following this pattern:
1.
Minutes after the
hour use “y” to connect hour and minutes
2.
Minutes until the
next hour (after 30) may use “menos” to the connect the hour and minutes.
Time
is given by using the pattern:
Son las +hour + (-) minutes
*Exception - when the time involves the
first hour (one) it is expressed by:
There are two questions
that involve time:
1.
What time is
it? = ¿Qué hora es? It is
…. =
Son las ….(Es la una)
2.
At what time
is..?= ¿A qué hora es..? At …. = A las…. (A la una)
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VERB ESTAR = to be
Singular Plural
1. Yo estoy I am Nosotros estamos We are
2. Tú
estás you
are Vosotros estáis You are
Usted está you are Ustedes están You are
3. Él
está he
is Ellos están They are
Ella está she is Ellas están They are
Notes:
1.
Estar is used with adjectives to describe people’s
emotional and physical condition
Ex: Tú
estás enferma =You are sick
2.
Estar is used to tell where people and things are located.
Ex:Yo Estoy en la piscina=I am in the pool
3.
Estar is used to tell how someone is doing
Ex: Nosotros estamos bien=We are fine
Follow the phrase:
How you feel
and where you are
How to use
the verb estar!
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The verb IR = to go
Singular Plural
Yo voy - I go Nosotros vamos - We go
Tú vas - you go Vosotros vais - You go
Usted va -you go Ustedes van - You go
Él va - he goes Ellos
van - They go
Ella va -she goes Ellas van -
They go
The verb to go = IR can also be used to talk about
what you are going to do with the construction:
IR
+ a+ (infinitive)
Ex: Yo voy a comer = I am going to eat
The verb to go is used to
tell where you are going
with the construction
IR + a + (place)
Ex: Voy a la
cafeteria = I am going to the cafeteria
Vamos
al gimnasio = We are going to the gym
To the has
4 translations: al a los
a la a
las
(Note: al
is the contraction for a+el)
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Present tense of ER verbs
1. The present tense is
expressed by:
Stem of the verb + corresponding ending
2. The verb must agree with
the subject
-ER VERBS
Singular Plural
1.
Yo -o Nosotros -emos
2. Tú -es Vosotros -éis
Usted -e Ustedes -en
3. Él -e Ellos -en
Ella -e Ellas -en
Ex: comer = to eat Yo como
= I eat
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Plural of nouns and adjectives
1.
Adjectives and
nouns that end in a vowel (a,o,e) add S to form the plural
Singular plural singular plural
Ex: libro – libros
bueno - buenos
casa – casas mala
– malas
pupitre – pupitres verde
- verdes
2.
Adjectives and
nouns that end in a consonant add ES
to form the plural
Singular plural singular plural singular plural
Ex: cereal
– cereales gris – grises jamón – jamones
3.
Nouns that
end in Z change Z—C and add ES
Singular plural
Ex: lápiz – lapices
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La familia
Most family nouns that refer
to a relationship have one root :
The
singular masculine form ends in “o”
Change
the ending to refer to feminine, masculine plural, feminine plural forms.
Ex: HIJO
(son) HIJOS (sons)
HIJA
(daughter) HIJAS (daughters)
Exceptions: Mother = madre, mama, mami
Father = padre, papa, papi
Note:
The masculine plural form is used when the group includes both masculine and
feminine
Ex: Abuelos =
grandparents
Tíos = aunt and uncle
Hermanos = brothers and sisters
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ADJECTIVES
1. Adjectives agree with the noun they describe in number and gender.
2. Adjectives are usually listed only in the
singular masculine form.
3. Most adjectives have 4 forms, some have 2
forms.